Winter's Formula
Expected pCO₂ in metabolic acidosis — the test for a second, hidden acid–base disorder.
When to use it. Checking whether respiratory compensation for a metabolic acidosis is appropriate.
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Limits of this score. Valid only for METABOLIC ACIDOSIS, and only once compensation has had 12–24 hours to develop. Applying it to a metabolic alkalosis or to an acute picture gives a confidently wrong answer.
Sources
- Albert MS, Dell RB, Winters RW. Quantitative displacement of acid-base equilibrium in metabolic acidosis. Ann Intern Med 1967;66:312–22.
Where this is written from. This site is written from Indian clinical practice. Drug availability and brand names, vaccination schedules, national health programmes and some reference cut-offs differ between countries — a schedule or a threshold that is standard here may not be standard where you are. If you are reading outside India, check anything on this page against your own country’s guidance before you act on it.
Educational use only — not medical advice. Never a substitute for clinical judgement.